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<title>Atbash</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atbash</span></span>

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<p><b>Atbash</b> (<a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אתבש</span>; also transliterated <b>Atbaš</b>) is a monoalphabetic <a href="Substitution_cipher" title="Substitution cipher">substitution cipher</a> originally used to <a href="Encrypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypt">encrypt</a> the <a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. It can be modified for use with any known <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> with a standard <a href="Collation" title="Collation">collating order</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encryption">Encryption</h2></div>

<p>The Atbash cipher is a particular type of <a href="Substitution_cipher" title="Substitution cipher">monoalphabetic cipher</a> formed by taking the <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> (or <a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, <a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, etc.) and mapping it to its reverse, so that the first letter becomes the last letter, the second letter becomes the second to last letter, and so on. For example, the <a href="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> would work like this:

</p>

<table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row"> Plain</th><td> A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>F</td><td>G</td><td>H</td><td>I</td><td>J</td><td>K</td><td>L</td><td>M</td><td>N</td><td>O</td><td>P</td><td>Q</td><td>R</td><td>S</td><td>T</td><td>U</td><td>V</td><td>W</td><td>X</td><td>Y</td><td>Z</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row"> Cipher</th><td> Z</td><td>Y</td><td>X</td><td>W</td><td>V</td><td>U</td><td>T</td><td>S</td><td>R</td><td>Q</td><td>P</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>M</td><td>L</td><td>K</td><td>J</td><td>I</td><td>H</td><td>G</td><td>F</td><td>E</td><td>D</td><td>C</td><td>B</td><td>A</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Because there is only one way to perform this, the Atbash cipher provides no <a href="Communications_security" title="Communications security">communications security</a>, as it lacks any sort of <a href="Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">key</a>. If multiple <a href="Collation" title="Collation">collating orders</a> are available, which one was used in encryption can be used as a key, but this does not provide significantly more security, considering that only a few letters can give away which one was used.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The name derives from the first, last, second, and second to last Hebrew letters (<a href="Aleph" title="Aleph">Aleph</a>–<a href="Taw" title="Taw">Taw</a>–<a href="Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a>–<a href="Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a>).

</p><p>The Atbash cipher for the modern <a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> would be:

</p>

<table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"><th scope="row">◢→</th><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Aleph</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Bet</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Gimel</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Daleth</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Heh</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Vav</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Zayin</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Het</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tet</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Yodh</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Kaph</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Lamed</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Mem</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Nun</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Samech</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ayin</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Peh</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tzady</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Koof</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Reish</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Shin</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Taw</span></td></tr><tr style="text-align:center;"><th scope="row">Plain</th><td>א</td><td>ב</td><td>ג</td><td>ד</td><td>ה</td><td>ו</td><td>ז</td><td>ח</td><td>ט</td><td>י</td><td>כ</td><td>ל</td><td>מ</td><td>נ</td><td>ס</td><td>ע</td><td>פ</td><td>צ</td><td>ק</td><td>ר</td><td>ש</td><td>ת</td></tr><tr style="text-align:center;"><th scope="row">◢←</th><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Taw</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Shin</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Reish</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Koof</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tzady</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Peh</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ayin</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Samech</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Nun</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Mem</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Lamed</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Kaph</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Yodh</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tet</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Het</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Zayin</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Vav</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Heh</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Daleth</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Gimel</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Bet</span></td><td><span style="font-size: 85%;">Aleph</span></td></tr><tr style="text-align:center;"><th scope="row">Cipher</th><td>ת</td><td>ש</td><td>ר</td><td>ק</td><td>צ</td><td>פ</td><td>ע</td><td>ס</td><td>נ</td><td>מ</td><td>ל</td><td>כ</td><td>י</td><td>ט</td><td>ח</td><td>ז</td><td>ו</td><td>ה</td><td>ד</td><td>ג</td><td>ב</td><td>א</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>By shifting the correlation one space to the left or the right, one may derive a variant <b>Batgash</b> (named for Bet–Taw–<a href="Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a>–Shin) or <b>Ashbar</b> (for Aleph–Shin–Bet–<a href="Resh" title="Resh">Reish</a>). Either alternative mapping leaves one letter unsubstituted; respectively Aleph and Taw.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h3></div>

<p>Several <a href="Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> words are described by commentators<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as being examples of Atbash:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Jeremiah_25%3A26" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah 25:26">Jeremiah 25:26</a> – "The king of <i><a href="Sheshach" title="Sheshach">Sheshach</a></i> shall drink after them" – Sheshach meaning <a href="Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in Atbash (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">

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</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בבל</span>‎ <i>bbl</i> → <span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ששך</span>‎ <i>ššk</i>).</li>

<li><a href="Jeremiah_51%3A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah 51:1">Jeremiah 51:1</a> – "Behold, I will raise up against Babylon, and against the inhabitants of <i>Lev-kamai</i>, a destroying wind." – Lev-kamai meaning <a href="Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כשדים</span>‎ <i>kśdym</i> → <span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">לבקמי</span>‎ <i>lbqmy</i>).</li>

<li><a href="Jeremiah_51%3A41" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah 51:41">Jeremiah 51:41</a> – "How has <i>Sheshach</i> been captured! and the praise of the whole earth taken! How has Babylon become a curse among the nations!" – Sheshach meaning Babylon (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בבל</span>‎ <i>bbl</i> → <span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ששך</span>‎ <i>ššk</i>).</li></ul>

<p>Regarding a potential Atbash switch of a single letter:

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#20">Exodus 20:20</a> - "Any place <i>I</i> will mention My name" (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אזכיר</span>‎) → "Any place <i>you</i> will mention My name" (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תזכיר</span>‎) (a → t), according to <a href="Yom_Tov_Asevilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Tov Asevilli">Yom Tov Asevilli</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_the_affine_cipher">Relationship to the affine cipher</h2></div>

<p>The Atbash cipher can be seen as a special case of the <a href="Affine_cipher" title="Affine cipher">affine cipher</a>.

</p><p>Under the standard affine convention, an alphabet of <i>m</i> letters is mapped to the numbers <span class="nowrap">0, 1, ... , <i>m</i> − 1.</span> (The Hebrew alphabet has <span class="nowrap"><i>m</i> = 22,</span> and the standard Latin alphabet has <span class="nowrap"><i>m</i> = 26).</span> The Atbash cipher may then be enciphered and deciphered using the encryption function for an affine cipher by setting <span class="nowrap"><i>a</i> = <i>b</i> = (<i>m</i> − 1):</span>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} (x)=\mathrm {D} (x)={\big (}(m-1)x+(m-1){\big )}{\bmod {m}}.}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./f02bd96648ea2b790930ecd924671657f7f831d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:46.207ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} (x)=\mathrm {D} (x)={\big (}(m-1)x+(m-1){\big )}{\bmod {m}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>This may be simplified to

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {E} (x)&=(m-1)(x+1){\bmod {m}}\\&=-(x+1){\bmod {m}}.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./1dcf057bd9366c10cdf4d93eee28ae160457f3aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.288ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {E} (x)&=(m-1)(x+1){\bmod {m}}\\&=-(x+1){\bmod {m}}.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>If, instead, the <i>m</i> letters of the alphabet are mapped to <span class="nowrap">1, 2, ..., <i>m</i>,</span> then the encryption and decryption function for the Atbash cipher becomes

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} (x)=(-x{\bmod {m}})+1.}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./b471c8075a8f5db1bf0ddef7b475c73cb4e35e09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.139ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} (x)=(-x{\bmod {m}})+1.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Temurah_(Kabbalah)" title="Temurah (Kabbalah)">Temurah (Kabbalah)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> and <a href="Radak" class="mw-redirect" title="Radak">Radak</a> on each of the first three verses. Also other commentators.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRydelnikVanlaningham2014" class="citation book cs1">Rydelnik, Michael; Vanlaningham, Michael (March 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fnKNa7cfOoC&q=Atbash++&pg=PT1996"><i>The Moody Bible Commentary</i></a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780802490186</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHelmbold2009" class="citation book cs1">Helmbold, A. K. (2009). Silva, Moisés (ed.). <i>The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 1</i> (Revised ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 430. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780310876960</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchter2004" class="citation journal cs1">Leuchter, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42614548">"Jeremiah's 70-Year Prophecy and the ימק בל/ךשש Atbash Codes"</a>. <i>Biblica</i>. <b>85</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">503–</span>522. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-0887">0006-0887</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42614548">42614548</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Midrash_Shmuel_on_Avot.3.6.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Midrash Shmuel on Avot 3:6</a>; see discussion in <a href="David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Parshan/R._David_Zvi_Hoffmann/Shemot/20.20#m7e0n6">to Exodus 20:20</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Y._Hoskisson" class="citation web cs1">Paul Y. Hoskisson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701184123/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=30&num=1&id=895">"Jeremiah's Game"</a>. <i>Insights</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=30&num=1&id=895">the original</a> on 1 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rumkin.com/tools/cipher/atbash.php">Online Atbash decoder</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox0" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical_cryptography133" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Classical_cipher" title="Classical cipher">Classical cryptography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cipher" title="Cipher">Ciphers</a><br>by family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Polyalphabetic_cipher" title="Polyalphabetic cipher">Polyalphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alberti_cipher" title="Alberti cipher">Alberti</a></li>

<li><a href="Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Trithemius_cipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Trithemius cipher">Trithemius</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher" title="Vigenère cipher">Vigenère</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Polybius_square" title="Polybius square">Polybius square</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ADFGVX_cipher" title="ADFGVX cipher">ADFGVX</a></li>

<li><a href="Bifid_cipher" title="Bifid cipher">Bifid</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihilist_cipher" title="Nihilist cipher">Nihilist</a></li>

<li><a href="Trifid_cipher" title="Trifid cipher">Trifid</a></li>

<li><a href="VIC_cipher" title="VIC cipher">VIC cipher</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Square</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Playfair_cipher" title="Playfair cipher">Playfair</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-square_cipher" title="Two-square cipher">Two-square</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-square_cipher" title="Four-square cipher">Four-square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Substitution_cipher" title="Substitution cipher">Substitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affine_cipher" title="Affine cipher">Affine</a></li>

<li><a href="Autokey_cipher" title="Autokey cipher">Autokey</a></li>

<li><a href="Beaufort_cipher" title="Beaufort cipher">Beaufort</a></li>

<li><a href="Caesar_cipher" title="Caesar cipher">Caesar</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaocipher" title="Chaocipher">Chaocipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Cipher" title="Great Cipher">Great</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigpen_cipher" title="Pigpen cipher">Pigpen</a></li>

<li><a href="Running_key_cipher" title="Running key cipher">Running key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Transposition_cipher" title="Transposition cipher">Transposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Columnar_transposition" title="Transposition cipher">Columnar</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Double_transposition" title="Transposition cipher">Double</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Myszkowski_transposition" title="Transposition cipher">Myszkowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_fence_cipher" title="Rail fence cipher">Rail fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Route_cipher" title="Transposition cipher">Route</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BATCO" title="BATCO">BATCO</a></li>

<li><a href="DRYAD" title="DRYAD">DRYAD</a></li>

<li><a href="Mlecchita_vikalpa" title="Mlecchita vikalpa">Kama Sutra</a></li>

<li><a href="Rasterschl%C3%BCssel_44" title="Rasterschlüssel 44">Rasterschlüssel 44</a></li>

<li><a href="Reihenschieber" title="Reihenschieber">Reihenschieber</a></li>

<li><a href="Reservehandverfahren" title="Reservehandverfahren">Reservehandverfahren</a></li>

<li><a href="Slidex" title="Slidex">Slidex</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitaire_(cipher)" title="Solitaire (cipher)">Solitaire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Code_(cryptography)" title="Code (cryptography)">Codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Code_talker" title="Code talker">Code talker</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bacon's_cipher" title="Bacon's cipher">Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Grille_(cryptography)" title="Grille (cryptography)">Grille</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cryptanalysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptogram" title="Cryptogram">Cryptogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency_analysis" title="Frequency analysis">Frequency analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_coincidence" title="Index of coincidence">Index of coincidence</a> (Units: <a href="Hartley_(unit)" title="Hartley (unit)">Ban</a> and <a href="Nat_(unit)" title="Nat (unit)">Nat</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Information_leakage" title="Information leakage">Information leakage</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasiski_examination" title="Kasiski examination">Kasiski examination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cryptography149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_cryptography" title="History of cryptography">History of cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_cryptography" title="Outline of cryptography">Outline of cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_cipher" title="Classical cipher">Classical cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographic_protocol" title="Cryptographic protocol">Cryptographic protocol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Authentication_protocol" title="Authentication protocol">Authentication protocol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographic_primitive" title="Cryptographic primitive">Cryptographic primitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">Cryptanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptosystem" title="Cryptosystem">Cryptosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographic_nonce" title="Cryptographic nonce">Cryptographic nonce</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptovirology" title="Cryptovirology">Cryptovirology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash function</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">Key derivation function</a></li>

<li><a href="Secure_Hash_Algorithms" title="Secure Hash Algorithms">Secure Hash Algorithms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">Digital signature</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleptography" title="Kleptography">Kleptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">Key (cryptography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_exchange" title="Key exchange">Key exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_generator" title="Key generator">Key generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_schedule" title="Key schedule">Key schedule</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_stretching" title="Key stretching">Key stretching</a></li>

<li><a href="Keygen" title="Keygen">Keygen</a></li>

<li>Machines</li>

<li><a href="Cryptojacking_malware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptojacking malware">Cryptojacking malware</a></li>

<li><a href="Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li>

<li><a href="Random_number_generation" title="Random number generation">Random number generation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator">Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator</a> (CSPRNG)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pseudorandom_noise" title="Pseudorandom noise">Pseudorandom noise</a> (PRN)</li>

<li><a href="Secure_channel" title="Secure channel">Secure channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Insecure_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecure channel">Insecure channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Subliminal_channel" title="Subliminal channel">Subliminal channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Decryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Decryption">Decryption</a></li>

<li><a href="End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">End-to-end encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvest_now%2C_decrypt_later" title="Harvest now, decrypt later">Harvest now, decrypt later</a></li>

<li><a href="Information-theoretic_security" title="Information-theoretic security">Information-theoretic security</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaintext" title="Plaintext">Plaintext</a></li>

<li><a href="Codetext" class="mw-redirect" title="Codetext">Codetext</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_secret" title="Shared secret">Shared secret</a></li>

<li><a href="Trapdoor_function" title="Trapdoor function">Trapdoor function</a></li>

<li><a href="Trusted_timestamping" title="Trusted timestamping">Trusted timestamping</a></li>

<li><a href="Key-based_routing" title="Key-based routing">Key-based routing</a></li>

<li><a href="Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a></li>

<li><a href="Garlic_routing" title="Garlic routing">Garlic routing</a></li>

<li><a href="Kademlia" title="Kademlia">Kademlia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mix_network" title="Mix network">Mix network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_cipher" title="Block cipher">Block cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_cipher" title="Stream cipher">Stream cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Symmetric-key algorithm">Symmetric-key algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Authenticated_encryption" title="Authenticated encryption">Authenticated encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">Public-key cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-quantum_cryptography" title="Post-quantum cryptography">Post-quantum cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_authentication_code" title="Message authentication code">Message authentication code</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator">Random numbers</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Atbash&oldid=1288446002">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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